Richard A. Friedman, Profesor de Psiquiatría Clínica y director de la clínica de psicofarmacología del “Well Cornell Medical College”, en EUA, se pregunta, en un luminoso artículo de NYT del 14-6-2014, “Why Teenagers Act Crazy”…
Allí, el profesor analiza que la ADOLESCENCIA es prácticamente en
nuestra cultura, un conjunto de formas de comportamiento riesgoso, y extravagantes y de drama emocional.
Hasta recientemente, la explicación de
tal “angst” era del tipo psicológico. Desde el punto de vista del desarrollo,
se ha comprobado que los denominados “teeanagers” enfrentan un número
importante de cambios emocionales, como por ejemplo el comienzo de la
separación de sus padres, el ser aceptados por los grupos de amigos, y del
figurarse qué son en realidad. No es
necesario ser un psicoanalista para
entender que se trata de transiciones que provocan ansiedad. Sin
embargo, hay un lado oscuro de la adolescencia que, hasta ahora, fue muy
pobremente comprendido: el surgimiento
en la adolescencia de la ansiedad y el temor. En gran parte debido a la singularidad del
desarrollo cerebral, los adolescentes, en promedio, experimentan más ansiedad y
temor, y tardan un mayor tiempo para
aprender como no sufrir temor que la condición de niños o de
adultos.
Diferentes regiones y circuitos del
cerebro “maduran” a muy diferentes velocidades. Se sabe, por ejemplo, que los
circuitos cerebrales que “procesan” el miedo - la amígdala- es de precoz actividad, con un desarrollo
muy anterior al de la corteza
prefrontal, el sitio del razonamiento y del control ejecutivo, lo cual
significa que el cerebro del adolescente
posee una capacidad alta para el “temor” y la “ansiedad”, aunque está
relativamente “subdesarrollado” para la “calma” y el “razonamiento”. Uno se puede preguntar, si los adolescentes
tiene una elevada capacidad para la ansiedad, son “buscadores” de novedades, y
de “riesgos”, dos “marcadores” poco estables y extraños a veces. La
respuesta reside en que el “centro de gratificación” cerebral, como su circuito
para el temor, madura más tempranamente
que la corteza prefrontal. Dicho
centro conduce a los adolescentes hacia las conductas de experimentar riesgos.
Esta paradoja conductual también explica el por qué los adolescentes son
particularmente propensos a las lesiones y
a los traumas. Los tres disparadores principales de muerte en la adolescencia son los accidentes,
el homicidio y el suicidio. Por tanto, en la ansiedad estaría la clave del por qué los adolescentes
no responden bien a la psicoterapia, que
celosamente es prescrita contra el miedo, en el contexto de la denominada
terapia cognitivia del comportamiento.
Por tanto, hay que pensarlo dos veces, al enfrentar el uso elevado de
“estimulantes” por los jóvenes, porque estas drogas empeoran la ansiedad del
adolescente.
Por supuesto, la mayoría de los
adolescentes no experimentan desórdenes de ansiedad, y sí adquieren las destrezas para “modular” sus
miedos en la medida que su corteza prefronatal madura en la etapa adulta de la
juventud, alrededor de los 25 años. Sin
embargo, un 20% de los adolescentes en EUA experimentan el tipo de diagnóstico
de “desorden de ansiedad”, tal como la ansiedad generalizada o los “ataques de
pánico”, como resultado probable de una mezcla de factores genéticos y de influencias
ambientales. La prevalencia de los
desórdenes de ansiedad y de comportamiento riesgoso (expresión de la
disfunción cerebral del desarrollo), ha estado relativamente estable, lo que
sugiere que la contribución biológica es de alta significación.
A CONTINUACIÓN SE OFRECE EL FINAL DEL TEXTO ORIGINAL EN LENGUA INGLESA DEL
PROFESOR FRIEDMAN:
“…One of my patients, a
32-year-old man, recalled feeling anxious in social gatherings as a teenager.
“It was viscerally unpleasant and I felt as if I couldn’t even speak the same
language as other people in the room,” he said.” It wasn’t that he disliked
human company; rather, socializing in groups felt dangerous, even though
intellectually he knew that wasn’t the case. He developed a strategy early on
to deal with his discomfort: alcohol. When he drank, he felt relaxed and able
to engage. Now treated and sober for several years, he still has a trace of
social anxiety and still wishes for a drink in anticipation of socializing.
Of course, we all experience
anxiety. Among other things, it’s a normal emotional response to threatening
situations. The hallmark of an anxiety disorder is the persistence of anxiety
that causes intense distress and interferes with functioning even in safe
settings, long after any threat has receded.
We’ve recently learned that
adolescents show heightened fear responses and have difficulty learning how not
to be afraid. In one study using
brain M.R.I.,
researchers at Weill Cornell Medical College and Stanford University found that
when adolescents were shown fearful faces, they had exaggerated responses in
the amygdala compared with children and adults.
The amygdala is a region buried
deep beneath the cortex that is critical in evaluating and responding to fear.
It sends and receives connections to our prefrontal cortex alerting us to
danger even before we have had time to really think about it. Think of that
split-second adrenaline surge when you see what appears to be a snake out on a
hike in the woods. That instantaneous fear is your amygdala in action. Then you
circle back, take another look and this time your prefrontal cortex tells you
it was just a harmless stick.
Thus, the fear circuit is a
two-way street. While we have limited control over the fear alarm from our
amygdala, our prefrontal cortex can effectively exert top-down control, giving
us the ability to more accurately assess the risk in our environment. Because
the prefrontal cortex is one of the last brain regions to mature, adolescents
have far less ability to modulate emotions.
Fear learning lies at the heart
of anxiety and anxiety disorders. This primitive form of learning allows us to
form associations between events and specific cues and environments that may
predict danger. Way back on the savanna, for example, we would have learned
that the rustle in the grass or the sudden flight of birds might signal a
predator — and taken the cue and run to safety. Without the ability to identify
such danger signals, we would have been lunch long ago.
But once previously threatening
cues or situations become safe, we have to be able to re-evaluate them and
suppress our learned fear associations. People with anxiety disorders have
trouble doing this and experience persistent fear in the absence of threat —
better known as anxiety.
Another patient I saw in
consultation recently, a 23-year-old woman, described how she became anxious
when she was younger after seeing a commercial about asthma. “It made
me incredibly worried for no reason, and I had a panic attack soon after seeing
it,” she said. As an older teenager, she became worried about getting too close
to homeless people and would hold her breath when near them, knowing that “this
was crazy and made no sense.”
B. J. Casey, a professor of
psychology and the director of the Sackler Institute at Weill Cornell Medical
College, has studied fear learning in a group of children, adolescents and
adults. Subjects were shown a colored square at the same time that they were
exposed to an aversive noise. The colored square, previously a neutral
stimulus, became associated with an unpleasant sound and elicited a fear
response similar to that elicited by the sound. What Dr. Casey and her
colleagues found was that there were no differences between the subjects in the
acquisition of fear conditioning…”
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